University of Phoenix Gen 201 Paper - 818 Words

University of Phoenix Material Academic Success Answer each question below in at least 75 words per question, reflecting on your current abilities, and identify resources to strengthen your skills. Refer to the videos, readings, and other weekly assignments to help you compose your answers. |Question |Your reflection | |How would you define academic |I believe academic readiness incorporates many things. I can start with simple time management, | |readiness? |this includes the time you set aside for your classes including homework and study time. Next we | |†¦show more content†¦| |What two university resources will you|Center for writing Excellence gives you multiple tools that help you with anything from | |use to strengthen your writing and |Plagiarism checks to learning about proper grammar. This Is great especially if it has been a | |reading skills (refer to your Student |long time since you attended school. Second, The student workshops give you free workshops on | |Resources Worksheet)? |writing, library research, grammar skills. | |What is your personal learning style |Aural. I find that using sound and music in my learning environment is a good strategy. There are| |(refer to the Ch. 1 Aplia homework)? |many different types of learning styles and none of them are better than the other. This learning| | |style is what feels most natural to me. | |What are two obstacles you might need |Procrastination is one of my main obstacles. Right now I am finishing my homework with 40 minutes| |to overcome (refer to your Life |left till it is due at midnight. Why you ask? Well I have a problem withShow MoreRelatedGen 201 Academic Success768 Words   |  4 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Academic Success Answer each question below in at least 75 words per question, reflecting on your current abilities, and identify resources to strengthen your skills. 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Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesEdition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication

Newell Rubbermaid Case Study Free Essays

I believe that Newell Rubbermaid’s departmentalization structure puts the company in a strong position for profitable growth. It was clearly stated that the profit of the company stand good after the implementation of the strategy that was on a down trend for the past two years. Â  The efforts of Galli to increase the efficiency of the company to act as ‘one’ organization made to cut the cost of production. We will write a custom essay sample on Newell Rubbermaid Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the effect will not take right after but at least there is an improvement on the profit growth of the company. It is just usual for the effect of any business strategy to take time for the effect to experience so there’s nothing to worry about not meeting the target growth. It is just a matter of time. Answer to Question #2 I think Galli applied Mary Parker Follett’s guideline on coordination to Newell Rubbermaid by establishing the single corporate headquarters in Atlanta. With this, the top Management, especially Galli, can now get the opinions of the executives coming from the different business units. The implementation of this also made the meetings of the executives easier and more efficient. The dissemination of information will also be made faster since the executive of one business unit can attend the meeting right on schedule and there will be no more excuses about being late or any kind of delay. With the executives working in one office will give them enough space for interaction that will give them more coordination for the planning and execution of every business direction. Answer to Question #3 I will suggest to Galli the establishment of a single competent, energetic guiding authority or the formal management structure; since at the very start of the financial crisis of the company, the unification of the business units is the source of the problem of the company; to give emphasis in using the organization to address Newell Rubbermaid’s challenges. Bureaucracy This is defined as the administrative structure that uses the hierarchical distribution of authority to every unit of the organization (dictionary.com, 2007). This is used by many businesses in structuring their organization despite of the criticisms that is attributed to this business structure. One of the criticisms of bureaucracy is that individuals are not being aware of the negative effects of their actions in a larger sense since there is an overspecialization of business units. Red tape is also one of the negative effects of bureaucracy that hinders on the implementation of every business action and makes the decision making process to slow down. It is also said that under bureaucracy, common sense is no longer applicable since they are all guided by the laws provided by the top management. The lower management and the employees have less participation on the planning process under this organizational structure. The above situation will later result on internal problem for the managers because employees might feel that they are not being valued by the management. Of course there are still benefits derived from using bureaucracy as an organizational structure. One of this is the increase in the efficiency of production because of the specialization of the laborers. The said tactic enables to company to have growth on their profits since there will be more goods will be produce. The imposition of laws will help the employees by guiding the latter on their doings and on the execution of the plans within and outside the business environment. Top managers are surely highly competitive since they are screened by the other top managers. Since the business transactions are documented, this can be used by the future management as a basis on planning their marketing strategy and other business related tactics. There are still a lot of benefits that can be derive from using bureaucracy as the organizational of every company, only that it depends on the situation on what the company is dealing with. REFERENCES dictionary.com. (2007). Bureaucracy [Electronic Version] from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bureaucracy. Â   Â   How to cite Newell Rubbermaid Case Study, Free Case study samples

The Role And Nature Of Suffering In Christianity And Buddhism

Question: Discuss about the Role And Nature Of Suffering In Christianity And Buddhism. Answer: The Role and Nature of Suffering in Buddhism and Christianity Suffering has always been an integral part of human lives. Generally, suffering results from the awareness of lack of harmony within the environment which is characterized by feelings of loss and abandonment (Fitzpatrick et al., 2015). Suffering is inevitable for living organisms. Consequently, different religions have had an interest in suffering theoretically and in public debates. In different religions suffering has different purposes such as punishment and creating awareness. Therefore, this essay explores the role and nature of suffering in Buddhism and Christianity. Suffering can be defined as an act that is associated with physical and emotional pain. In both religions, suffering can be attributed to peoples deeds. In addition, in Christianity, suffering can be a form of punishment from God (Singarayar, 2016). In Buddhism, suffering is due to cravings and ignorance as will be illustrated below. However, in both it is still painful, purposeful and a way to test people. For example, Buddhists use suffering in meditation to understand the nature of suffering in order to overcome it. Similarly, Christians suffer willingly because Christ suffered. Further, both religions acknowledge that suffering is a process that entails a lot of stages to overcome. Conclusively, the nature of suffering is similar to both religions. Buddhism is centered around the Four Noble Truths which are accredited to Gotama Buddha. The first Noble Truth is dukkha which refers to how unsatisfying life is (Kang, 2011). According to this Truth, materiality, feeling, mental formations, consciousness and perception make up a human being (Teasdale and Chaskalson (Kulananda), 2011). In summary, these components are referred to as suffering. Additionally, birth, death, and aging are regarded as suffering. Dukkha exists in three forms (Ingram and Loy, 2005). First, the normal physical and emotional pain we are all accustomed to. Second, the lack of permanence in life. Though we may enjoy life, we are faced with the impending time of our death. The third is dukkha refers to the lack of self. The cause of this suffering is said to be craving which is described in terms of sensuality, existence, and non-existence. The second Noble Truth is used to explain how ignorance leads to suffering. This is done through the pa?icca-samupp?da doctrine (Kang, 2011). It has twelve links that start with ignorance and end with suffering. The components in the links include ignorance, activities, base of sense, form, name, consciousness, clinging, craving, becoming, feeling, suffering and birth. The third Noble Truth is the ending of suffering through the elimination of craving and ignorance (Eltschinger, 2013). This state, Nibb?na, is the highest point of spirituality in this religion (Kang, 2011). This is attained through the Fourth Noble Truth that provides a path with eight components which are the view, thought, speech, action, livelihood, concentration, effort, and mindfulness. Therefore, Buddhism regards suffering as a state to be liberated from. On the other hand, based on the scriptures, suffering makes Christians trust in God and live by his teachings. According to Paul, individuals can be controlled by forces that hinder them from doing Gods will. These forces are ruled by the flesh which separates human beings from God and nature. However, God has provided salvation to save mankind from the punishment of sin which is hell. In the old testament, God used prophets to make sure His followers abide by His rules. In the new testament, He sent His son to face suffering through prosecution and death (Ingram and Loy, 2005). On this account, Christians continue with His work and share in His suffering. Moreover, in Christianity suffering is characterized in martyrdom. Martyrdom is the act of persevering through suffering due to ones religious belief. Furthermore, it can be regarded as a way to witness for Jesus Christ. There exist two types of martyrs that are the red and white ones (Greene-McCreight, 2015). Red martyrs are those who die because of their faith while white martyrs exercise the act of cruciform in their everyday lives. According to the scriptures, Christians are called to suffer for the sake of Jesus Christ. With this affirmation, Christians can withstand suffering. This also unifies them as they share in the suffering of Christ. In both religions, suffering is a form of punishment. In Christianity, one suffers when they lead a sinful life, with the eventual punishment being hell. In Buddhism, karma is a form of punishment based on what person is. The understanding of karma is what happens based on what someone becomes due to the motivations of their actions (Ingram and Loy, 2005). For example, those whose deeds are motivated by greed, delusion and ill will manipulate people which eventually alienates them leading to suffering. Meanwhile, those whose deeds are motivated by kindness attract kindness in return. The reason for the ill motivations is the human beings sense of lack. For Christians, the sense of lack leads to sin while for Buddhists it leads to karma. In both cases, the solution is found in life after death. Finally, Christians believe heaven to be their paradise while Buddhists believe in Nirvana. In biblical teachings, God plays a part in eliminating human suffering. In the old testament, God wrote the ten commandments for people to follow to avoid sin. Later, He sent prophets to communicate to people His will. Eventually, He sent His son to die on the cross and save mankind. Clearly, God has consistently helped to ease human suffering. On the contrary, Buddhism does not recognize God in the elimination of suffering (Ingram and Loy, 2005). The teachings of Buddhism encourage individuals to seek awareness through the eightfold path to get rid of suffering. In both Christianity and Buddhism, suffering plays a significant role in mysticism. In light of the above descriptions of the two religions, Buddhists view suffering as a problem that needs to be understood then solved hence liberation. On the other hand, Christians should accept suffering in form of a mystery which they should endure in compassion since they are participating in the suffering of Christ. The aforementioned is the general approach to suffering for both religions. Additionally, there are other approaches that illustrate the role of suffering in mysticism in both religions. The first approach defines the two religions in relation to crucifixion and suffering. A Buddhist experiences death and suffering differently when compared to the average person (Urbaniak, 2014). The average person experiences physical and emotional pain and suffering. Contrary, an enlightened Buddhist experiences only the physical pain and suffering through the teachings of lack of self. Moreover, death loses its meaning for the enlightened one since after dying one experiences Nirvana not rebirth. In Christianity, the crucifixion of Christ symbolizes the crucifixion of self which leads to rebirth without sin. This differs from Buddhism which doesnt recognize the existence of the self. Therefore, there is no crucifixion. The second approach is related to how Christians and Buddhists experience suffering. Christians welcome suffering as it is their way to experience spiritual freedom where they are free from sin and share in Christs suffering. This is beneficial to Christians because they know when they suffer for Christ they are not alone and their faith is strengthened. In fact, Jesus encouraged His followers to forget about themselves and carry their cross (Urbaniak, 2014). For Buddhists, meditating on suffering creates a sense of awareness which can be used to overcome suffering. In addition, as stated by Tibetan Buddhists, it encourages empathy hence one is able to show compassion to other people. Understanding suffering in this way also helps one to overcome worry and stress during illnesses. As illustrated Christianity and Buddhism approach suffering differently. However, there are two similarities in the two religious approaches. First, they acknowledge that suffering is part of our existence (Urbaniak, 2014). This is defined in the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism and salvation in Christianity. Second, they provide a way for human beings to overcome suffering to a place where there is peace. For Buddhists, the eightfold path leads to enlightenment and nirvana after death. For Christianity, the salvation which is freedom from sin leads to eternal life after death. Ultimately, though different the two religions appreciate suffering and use it as a means to acquire freedom and ultimate happiness. In conclusion, essentially, Buddhism is a religion based on enlightenment while Christianity is based on faith. Through Buddhism, suffering is understood as a state that exists due to ignorance and can be eliminated through enlightenment. Christianity depicts suffering as a way of sharing in the work of Christ. In both cases, to be free of suffering one must first be rid of self. In Buddhism, the lack of self gets rid of the sense of lack while in Christianity Jesus said to save ones life one must lose it. In light of the above, the two religions complement each other. Bibliography Eltschinger, V. (2013). The Four Nobles Truths and Their 16 Aspects: On the Dogmatic and Soteriological Presuppositions of the Buddhist Epistemologists Views on Ni?caya.Journal of Indian Philosophy, 42(2-3). Fitzpatrick, S., Kerridge, I., Jordens, C., Zoloth, L., Tollefsen, C., Tsomo, K., Jensen, M., Sachedina, A. and Salma, D. (2015). Religious Perspectives on Human Suffering: Implications for Medicine and Bioethics.Journal of Religion and Health, 55(1), pp.159-173. Greene-McCreight, K. (2015). Martyrdom as Christian vocation: United in suffering.The Christian Century, pp.41-42. Ingram, P. and Loy, D. (2005). The Self and Suffering: A Buddhist-Christian Conversation.Dialog: A Journal of Theology, 44(1), pp.101-110. Kang, C. (2011). Sarkar on the Buddha's Four Noble Truths.Philosophy East and West, 61(2), pp.303-323. Singaraar, J. (2016). God uses suffering to accomplish His purposes in our lives.The Priest, pp.10-13. Teasdale, J. and Chaskon (Kulananda), M. (2011). How does mindfulness transform suffering? I: the nature and origins of dukkha.Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), pp.89-102. Urbaniak, J. (2014). Suffering in the mystical traditions of Buddhism and Christianity.HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 70(1).

Employee engagement Essay Example

Employee engagement Essay Employee engagement nowadays plays a more and more crucial role in workplace, as a powerful measurement of individual performance. Engaged employees are able to fully understand organizations objectives and goals, align with its interest, maximize their productivity. Regardless its importance, the literature theories of employee engagement are only been developed over the past two decades. Therefore, how to better apply the theories and link them to practice In workplace gets more and more concerns. The aim of this article is to explore different factors that are able to significantly affect employee engagement through the studies of nine long-term care (LET) facilities in Italy and the delivery business of New Zealand Post, moreover the study of FMC Company In India helps to support the arguments statistically. Furthermore, we will seek corresponding strategies to improve employee engagement. In particular, effective leadership and developing opportunity have direct effects on increasing work engagement. Furthermore, positive work environment and other factors also play a significant positive role in stimulating work performance. Employee engagement Is defined as a partnership relationship twine employees and organization, which requires an Individuals Involvement and enthusiasm for work, as well as active support from organization. The concept of employee engagement was first published by Kahn (1990) who suggesting engagement is affected by meaningfulness, safety and availability, which is in relation to Machs definition as high levels of activation and pleasant (2001). Sing the available positive psychology framework, engagement was further conceptualized as an individuals involvement, satisfaction with as well as enthusiasm for work (Harder et al. , 2002, p. 417). Moreover, Asks Multidimensional approach suggests that Job engagement significantly differs from the organizational engagement on various Job-related factors such as Job characteristics, organizational commitment and fai rness. We will write a custom essay sample on Employee engagement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Employee engagement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Employee engagement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Defining employee engagement still remains problematic, In the limited research on this topic these four approaches form a basic framework for the concept of work engagement from physical, emotional and cognitive aspects. As what suggested In the statistical results from FMC study, the following variables all contribute positively and significantly to employee: supervisor support, developing opportunities, positive work environment, decision authority, job characteristic. The maintenance of high level of employee engagement largely depends on effective leadership support O. Aristocrats J. Parker, 2013). As the models suggested, activation (Miasmal, 2001) and employee involvement (Harder, 2002) are positively associated with the degree of supervisor support. In the current workforce, the complexity for employees on meeting Job criteria and handing interpersonal relationship requires managers to manage workforce performance, deal with employee relations and deliver consistent results. This strategy was applied on the poesies successfully and got favorable results. Regular face-to-face talk with employees helps Individuals to be better Involved, activated and forming a stronger bond between Individual and organization. Therefore, as a mean to Improve employee engagement, organization is expected to offer a range of management management. Opportunity offer plays a key role in boosting active role performances and individual motivation. Room to develop enables employees to continuously increase their own professional abilities in carrying out their work. The accumulation f skills avoids people from stress and fears to challenges, prevent exhaustion that erodes engagement (Miasmal, 2001), and boost labor productivity. Opportunity also refers to the availability of organizational resources such as budge and manpower. So it is essential to encourage employees to make good use of provided learning resources in workplace such as structured learning on the Job, workshops, courses, library resources, etc. Positive work environment is recognized as an organizational culture that promotes individual rights, respect, fairness, trust and a balance of work and fun 0. Aristocrats J. Parker, 2014). This is an effective means to sustain high performance. It also refers to a high degree of cognitive commitment. It is obvious that managers play a key role in the function of providing such a positive work environment. Decision authority is considered to be one of the most important drivers in account for employee engagement. Taking employees perspective into consideration shows appreciation to their abilities and allows them to take ownership of their roles. This greatly stimulates employees motivation, activation and involvement and enthusiasm with their Jobs, as well as Job satisfaction. Differ from the statistical result from FMC, the L ETC contexts suggested decision authority plays a negative role in explaining work engagement (Sari, 2014) due to potential Job complexity. This expects managers to provide employees with decision-making authority when appropriate. Job characteristic refers to Job autonomy, Job pay and job definition. Job autonomy ultimately makes employee feel a sense of responsibility of their own choices, which positively brings energy, motivation and effort to work, and contributes to a higher self-efficacy. New recruitment is a mean to better match people to Jobs and help to clarify their own roles. So introduction of new rules and work design may be a good idea. Engaged employees nowadays are increasingly needed by organizations for the purpose of better meet desired organization outcomes as an individual, at the same time ensure their own sense of well-being. In particular, engagement is two-way: individual add value to the organization and the organization helps people to realize their own potential and worth, they reinforce each other. With the great significant of maintaining a high level of employee engagement, the development of the unclear concept of engagement is now further explored and developed in HARD landscape at a fast pace. The studies demonstrate that there is a bundle of Job resources able to explain individuals degree of engagement in their work, particularly, the most significantly affective drivers of employee engagement are supervisor support, development and growth opportunity and work environment, decision authority and Job characteristics. Among all, effective leadership is the most essential issue to guarantee the successful implementation of other strategies.

The best idea of regulating guns in the United States is restricting the purchase of bullets

The best idea of regulating guns in the United States is restricting the purchase of bullets Reason # 1: Tracking the buyers of bullets makes it easier to regulate guns in the United StatesAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on The best idea of regulating guns in the United States is restricting the purchase of bullets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Guns are nothing but empty vessels without ammunition and so it would help a great deal if the authorities regulate the acquisition of bullets. Anyone who should not own a gun should also not own a bullet, but because guns last longer, outlawed criminals can possess them without suspicion. On the other hand, the lifespan of a bullet is just one shot which makes it easier to link the shooter and the purchaser. Currently, New York has a limit of seven rounds of ammunition per magazine. In addition to this, ammo dealers who register with the state, have purchasers’ records and this enables the police to get alerts in case an individual is stocking on bullets (Hen derson and Trotta 1). Tracing the link between the shooter and the buyer requires the cooperation of the dealer. This is the path trodden by Sacramento officials who require ammunition sellers to take the fingerprints and names of their customers. They transfer this information to the police who double check it with the criminal database of the FBI. Greg Halstead, a police detective in Sacramento, says that this practice is helping them to retrieve illegal guns from homes that he would not normally bother searching through. We can also deduce that it prevents shooting crimes from occurring because the police are able to point out illegal buyers and trace them from the fingerprints. Captain Bill Hart of the Los Angeles Police Department seconds Greg Halstead’s argument. He says that Los Angeles has become a safer place because of the records sent by ammunition dealers, which they look through to chaff out the illegal owners. Other states therefore need to follow suit and requi re sellers to log their sales so that illegal buyers find no place to shop for bullets (Henderson and Trotta 1). Reason # 2: Engraving serial numbers on ammunition boxes can help regulate gunsAdvertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study by Glenn Pierce of Northeastern University states that a significant number of ammunition purchases are by illegal possessors. He goes on to add that engraving serial numbers on ammunition boxes would be a significant step towards the realization of gun control in the United States. This is because serial numbers allow the police to easily trace the link between a bullet and a buyer. Moreover, he considers it as a move that would sharply reduce the bullet supply of the illegal market (Pierce 309). A 2005 California bill seeking to put this idea into law was shot down because the ammunition industry argues that it would lead them into bankruptcy. Other than that, they also think that the serial numbers are not always legible. These arguments do not hold water because people’s lives are still at risk and there is a need for the Ammunition Coding System and the ammunition industry to come to an agreement that favors both sides and protects the general population (Koper, Woods and Roth 18). Reason # 3: Restricting the purchase of bullets reinforces the ban on bulk buying to effectively regulate guns in the United States Some authorities in the United States are already making steps towards regulating guns by prohibiting the purchase of bullets in bulk. This is a good idea but not as effective as it should be. New Jersey, for example, places a ban on bulk buying of ammunition in the hopes that it can help curb the menace of gun violence and generally regulate guns in the United States. However, a 2004 study in Jersey City concludes that the ban on large capacity magazines has a very small impact in regulating guns becaus e criminal shootings tend to use less than five rounds. Therefore, this ban only serves to irk the members of the National Shooting Sports Foundation who argue that they need more that 1,000 rounds of ammunition during a typical weekend trip of range shooting (Murphy 1). We need to realize that placing restrictions on bulk buying only does not prevent criminals from laying their hands on bullets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The best idea of regulating guns in the United States is restricting the purchase of bullets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a matter of fact, the state should concentrate on restricting all forms of ammunition ownership if they want to zero in on the criminals and achieve gun control in the United States. By restricting the purchase of bullets, the authorities reinforce the ban on bulk buying and manage to get effective results in achieving gun control (Pierce 310). Reason # 4: Banning s ales of ammunition via mail-order can help regulate guns in the United States In 1968, The Gun Control Act placed a ban on the sale of bullets through mail-order and even had dealers log their sales. This was however shot down in 1986 by the implementation of The Firearm Owners’ Protection Act which generally led to the loosening of gun control (Spitzer 27). Eliminating controls on transfers of ammunition is definitely a bad move because today we have high capacity magazines that are easily accessible over the internet. This platform allows the buyer to remain anonymous even to the seller because he does not conduct a background check of any sort (Reedy 1). Once a criminal shooting occurs, it would be hard for the police to link the bullet to the buyer because the seller is not able to provide any substantive information about his client. It is therefore necessary to reinstate the ban on the sales of bullets via mail order to put an end to the ghost clientele and regulate gun s in the United States (Lioncourt 1). Henderson, Peter and Trotta, Daniel. Whats missing in U.S. gun control scramble? Bullets. 2013. Web. Koper, Christopher, Woods, Daniel and Roth, Jeffrey. An Updated Assessment of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban: Impacts on Gun Markets and. Philadelphia: Jerry Lee Center of Criminology, 2004. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lioncourt, Nicholas De. 11 Facts About Guns. 2012. Web. Murphy, Tim. Gun Enthusiasts Hot New Idea: You Cant Regulate Guns We Make In-State. 2013. Web. Pierce, Glenn. The Criminal Purchase of Firearm Ammunition. Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment (2006): 308-310. Print. Reedy, Daniel. Impact of handgun types on gun assault outcomes: a comparison of gun assaults involving semiautomatic pistols and revolvers. 2003. Web. Spitzer, Robert. The Politics of Gun Control. New York: Chatham House Publishers, 1995. Print.

Anatomy and physiology of the human body Essay Example for Free

Anatomy and physiology of the human body Essay Physiology (11) , anatomy and physiology (10) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Each week, the discussion questions will examine issues in the reading. This thread is meant to foster a better understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body and how that knowledge is applied to in real life situations. Discussion responses should be on topic, original, and contribute to the quality of the discussion by making frequent informed references to lesson material. Initial discussion responses should be around 100 words; responses to your classmates or instructor should be around 75 words. Make two or more responses to classmates that are thoughtful and that advance the discussion of each topic. Your initial response is to be made no later than Saturday 11:59 PM of the current unit. Additional responses are to be made no later than Tuesday 11:59 PM of the current unit. Your posts are to be substantive, referenced and free of grammatical and spelling errors. When you are ready, respond to one of the topics below. Please be sure to specify which topic you are responding to. 1. Discuss the different types of blood vessels and how their structure is uniquely suited to their functions. 2. Choose a major region of the body (for example, the thorax) and discuss the arteries and veins of that region. 3. Discuss the positive and possible negative effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system. 4. Identify and discuss the primary factors involved in the generation and regulation of blood pressure and explain the relationships among these factors. 5. Explain why a pressure difference must exist between the aorta and the right atrium. 6. Explain hepatic portal circulation. How is it different from normal circulation, and what advantages are gained from this type of circulation? This is a fun topic for a fitness trainer. The cardiovascular system is complex, but it’s even more complex when you start to factor in exercise while explaining it. Aerobic fitness is an important component of physical fitness. When your muscles need oxygen, your aerobic (cardiovascular) system must be able to efficiently deliver it to them. When your body has waste products that need to be expelled (e.g. carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products), your heart-lung complex must be up to the task. These two tasks form the functional basis of aerobic fitness. Positive effects include increasing your level of available energy, aid in relieving depression, reduce the risk of heart disease, increase the good (HDL) cholesterol. Everyone needs to be able to efficiently take oxygen into their lungs and blood and pump it to their working muscles where it is utilized to oxidize carbohydrates and fats to produce energy. If you are concerned about your health, particularly the risk of heart disease, you need to accept the fact that aerobic training can have a critical effect on the quantity and quality of your life. Some negative effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system can include a possible heart attack or stroke. Some people can tend to push themselves to hard or they can start off working out by pushing their heart a little harder than it’s used to. It’s not a very good idea to go out and try to run a marathon if you’ve spent most of your life sedentary. I used to be one of those people until I found out in 2007 that I had Tachycardia (a heart rate that is too fast). I had to adjust my workouts to accommodate the situation to include slowing down my runs and taking longer rest intervals when lifting weights. Anatomy and physiology of the human body. (2016, Nov 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

OPM300 - Intro. to Operations Mgmt. CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

OPM300 - Intro. to Operations Mgmt. CA - Essay Example uch, Event O is the most likely candidate because crashing Event O will result to a compensation of two weeks, which is just sufficient to compensate for the weeks lost in extending Event B. The key player in the success of a project is undoubtedly the project manager. Their roles include managing the project throughout the project cycle, balancing technical, schedule, and cost performance, solving problems expeditiously as they arise, and inspiring and motivating the entire team (Forsberg, Mooz, & Cotterman, 2005). With a project as extensive and large scale as the one described above, a project manager needs to have the right skills and tools in facing and overcoming the many different challenges that such a project can produce (Elearn Limited (Great Britain), 2005). One such challenge would be that project teams may be geographically dispersed. Since projects are usually collaborative efforts, different team members may be physically located in locations that may cause logistic challenges (Kerzner, 2009). Thus, a project manager must know how to ensure that logistic considerations are put in place when scheduling required events. Another problem that a project manager may face is the challenge of overbooked and mismanaged resources. Due to certain shortcoming, project teams may not have accurate information about their resources and what they are working on (Archibald, 2003). Some project teams may have more demand for projects than they have team members to execute the projects. Thus, a project manager has to be aware of these limitations and be alert enough to compensate

Online Consumer Engagement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Online Consumer Engagement - Essay Example Customer engagement is one such strategy that can significantly improve customer satisfaction. As the name suggests customer engagement is the commitment of the customer with the company or the product. As Mc Ewen suggests, "if you don't make a connection with your customers then satisfaction is worthless" (Mc Ewen, Fleming, 2003). Regardless of how high a company's customer satisfaction level may be, if their customers are not able emotionally connect with the company or their products to high levels of customer satisfaction of no use. Internet today is playing a very crucial role in affecting consumer behavior. Most companies have identified that starting B2B and B2C. channels over the Internet not only reduces costs in terms of paperwork, front desk time, personnel time etc., it also gives the customers the freedom to view previous products at the comfort of their homes get reviews about the products talk about it online to other customers and then make a well-informed decision. O nline Publishers Association presented their finding that the Internet is the most dominant source for initial awareness, further learning, deciding where to buy and purchases when compared to any other media (Online Publishers Association, 2007). Thus, today customer engagement is essential not only in the physical store but also over the Internet. This is referred to as online customer engagement. The following sections aim at identifying the various nuances associated with online customer engagement. Online Consumer Behavior What drives customers from one website to another What makes the customers stay longer on a particular website when compared to others What influences the customers to buy the same product on one website when compared to another Please, and many other such relevant questions can be answered by understanding consumer behavior on the Internet. Brynjolfsson and Smith called Internet as "the great equalizer" because the technology capabilities of the Internet medium reduce buyer search and switching costs and eliminate spacial competitive advantages that retailers would enjoy the physical marketplace (Brynjolfsson and Smith, 2000). In 1999, a research carried out by International Data Corporation and RelevantKnowledge showed that users are not loyal to one web portal. At that time, it did show that Yahoo had a higher loyalty rate than others; however, no other portal had a substantial loyalty rate (Spring, 1999). Spring analyzed that the reason for this lack of loyalty at that time was d ue to the fact that not every portal realized the importance of building "closer and tighter relationships with consumers". Several researchers over time have analyzed the various factors that affect Online Consumer Behavior. An inclusive, but by no means exhaustive list is presented below. Usability: The definition of usability as stated by ISO is "a set of attributes of software which bear on the effort needed for use and on the individual assessment of such use ..." (ISO, 1991b). With respect to e commerce, it is the set of characteristics of the website that make online engagement of the consumer a good experience.

Investigatory Project Essay Example for Free

Investigatory Project Essay INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study More people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But don’t you know that aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We, the researchers are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer. Of course, we know that we already have some modernized equipments, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We, the researchers already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So, we, the researchers, made some trials and errors from different raw materials to be made into a more durable chalk until to that moment that we have agreed and succeed in one of our trials, to make a chalk out of seashells. B. Statement of the Problem The price of almost all commercialized or local products continuously increasing and this is a big aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools don’t have enough support from government and this thing bring difficulties for us students. C. Significance of the Study This study opens another way for us people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable with long-lasting use that will take part in our study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in, and it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, transformed into a much useful and improved thing. D. Scope and Limitation This study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one. The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A seashell is the common name for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a test, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean the shells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla. For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strandlines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study. However, the majority of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may,  after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers; these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviate of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes. B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Some people considered seashell as useless in terms of reasonable things. And because of our research, this belief will now be changed to a bright side. For us, the researchers will prove that seashells are not useless but are significant ones. C. HYPOTHESES 1.) There is significance difference between our products, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one. 2.) There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability. D. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.) Seashells – is a hard, rigid outer layer, which has evolved in a very wide variety of different animals, including mollusks, sea urchins, crustaceans, turtles and tortoises, armadillos, etc. Scientific names for this type of structureinclude exoskeleton, armour, test, carapace, and peltidium. 2.) Cassava – A shrubby tropical American plant (Manihot esculenta) widely grown for its large, tuberous, starchy roots. The root of this plant, eaten as a staple food in the tropics only after leaching and drying to remove cyanide. Cassava starch is also the source of tapioca. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Equipment and Materials Seashells Cassava Mortar and pestle Grater Oven toaster Bowl Cloth B. Procedure 1. Collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. 2. Pulverized the shells until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. 3. Grate the cassava and squeeze its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue. 4. Mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of the mixture. 5. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. 6. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used. C. Data-gathering Instrument The physical characteristics of the chalk from sea shells was observed and compared to the chalk that was commercially processed. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Data and Findings Table1. Physical Characteristics of the Chalk made from seashells. Table 1 shows the Physical characteristics of the experimental and commercial chalk. It shows that they have different characteristics in terms of hardness but are both rough in terms of its texture. CHAPTER V SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Summary The research was designed by crushing the seashells, which is the main source of the product, and which it can be a useful and eco-friendly product and can contribute excellently to our sobbing community. Through hard research, we, the researchers studied the characteristics of the main source, which is  seashell, and we analyzed that It can be a great specimen in our investigatory project. We have done several experiments which lead the researchers into a victorious ending in the said project. Conclusion On the experiment conducted to produce a fine product from seashell, we, the researchers discovered the characteristics of the seashells which have specific properties and structures. We discovered that it is one of the stepping stones of the success of the product in which it is commercially comparable to any commercial products that are the same with us, if there are any, in terms of quality and durability. Recommendation Through hard, decisive, several experiments, the researchers have conquered an amazing product that has a good quality. We highly recommend using our own original finished product, made from seashells, because aside from its cheapness, it is also easier to produce, eco-friendly, recyclable and has the potential to make our study easier and clearer. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.www.google.com.ph 2.www.dictionary.reference.com

Fleeting Satisfaction in Madame Bovary Essay -- Madame Bovary Essays

Fleeting Satisfaction in Madame Bovary      Ã‚   The desire to have romance, rapture, and passion can often times be fleeting and momentary where as the foundation of true love and commitment generally stands solid throughout many trials. In Madame Bovary (1857), a novel written by Gustave Flaubert, the main character of the story, Emma Bovary, finds both passion and commitment in different facets yet she chooses to yield herself to the desires of her heart and seek out passion in other men instead of staying in the comfort of commitment offered to her by her husband.    Emma is first introduced in the story when her ailing father needs tending from a local physician. The doctor is Charles Bovary, whom Emma will later marry. Charles is married at the time he first visits Emma's father. However, Charles wife is old and frail and passes away shortly after he meets Emma. Charles then marries Emma and they move to a small town in France named Yohnville, where Charles sets up his practice. Early in their marriage, Charles takes Emma to a party held by the Secretary of State of France in a large chà ¢teau. After a small taste of royalty, Emma is enamored with the romantic feel of living a royal life. She begins feeling unhappy with her marriage, complaining her husband is boring and dull compared to some of the men she had met at the party. She soon seeks out companionship with other men and eventually becomes two different men's mistress. They, however, tire of her romantic ideas and leave her. Throughout her marriage to Charles, and the diff erent relationships she has, all Emma can see is hopelessness and despair, so she eventually eats poison and dies, leaving her husband and her young daughter, Berthe. ... ...irs (441). Though she may not have realized it, Emma's actions affected many more people than just herself.    All Emma Bovary wanted in her life was to be loved with a passionate love, and she eventually was both loved with commitment and loved with passion, but neither of those satisfied her longings. She compromised her standards for the one thing she desired most and eventually paid the ultimate consequence with her life. The need to feel passion and romance is not nearly worth the price of a human being's life. Madame Bovary truly discovered that the desire to have romance, rapture, and passion is often times a fleeting satisfaction whereas the foundation of true love and commitment stands solid throughout many trials.    Work Cited Flaubert, Gustave. The World's Great Classics: Madame Bovary. New York: Grolier Incorporated. 1968.   

Realism and Liberalism Essay

Introduction Realism and Liberalism are the two most prevalent ideologies in practicing and analyzing International Relations in the last two centuries. They are playing important roles in the states. They will directly affect the decision making of the governments and bring effects to the peace relations among countries. Realist mainly put a focus on state, power and national security. It was especially quite dominant in the first phase of the Cold War. On the other hand, Liberalism pays attention to people’s freedom and rights. It rose up after the World War II also the end of Cold War. From my point of view, to a large extent Realism and Liberalism are different from each other. They are quite opposite in theory. The differences between Realism and Liberalism outweigh the similarities. In this essay, I would elaborate these two ideologies in different aspects to talk about. Similarities between Realism and Liberalism Anarchy nature Firstly, for the similarities, both Realists and Liberals believe in anarchy nature of international system that it is leaderless in the world system. ‘The  major theories of international relations embrace the view that the international system is anarchic’ (Adem 2002: 19). Both admit that there is no sovereignty, rules or systems in the international system. However, these two ideologies got very different perceptions towards what they believe the states should do under this anarchic situation. The differences will be articulated below. Differences between Realism and Liberalism The views towards human nature For the differences, the first is that the Realists and the Liberals hold different beliefs towards human nature. Realists mainly are pessimistic and conservative. ‘It is essential not to have faith in human nature. Such faith is a recent heresy and a very disastrous one’ (Butterfield 149: 47). Realists believe in evil human nature. People are born with hatred and envy,  had original sin, war occurred constantly. They think that natural passion of human kind will bring out struggles among countries, ‘conflict is inevitable’ (Niebuhr 1932: xv). This can be manifest in the armament race in World War I. Every country tried to maximize their amounts of weapons and expand their armed forces at that time. Especially Britain and Germany, their relationship was worsened as there was a dreadnought building competition between them. Conflict is then occurred, paved the way to the World War I. Apart from this, during 1860s, the United States forced Japan to open its market at the threat of attack, which was beneficial for America only (Sr And Teresa 2013:16). Hence, they also perceive human are self-interested, interest is the most important thing of the state. Political action of the government is judged based on national interest (Morgenthau 1978: 4-15). Realists think that national interest is the most important thing of the state. On the contrary, Liberals mainly are optimistic and progressive. They interpret goodness exists in human nature. People are born to be kind, caring and helpful, willing to build trust with others. Apart from this, Liberals stress interdependence, believing cooperation can be enhanced in countries in order to reduce conflicts. Many intergovernmental organizations and institutions are formed in the late 19th century. They are made up of member states. For instance, European Union and World Trade Organization, they enhance political and economic cooperation among countries. Institutions enhance the economic cooperation and reducing the transactions cost among states (Keohane 1998: 82-94). Apart from this, the formation of United Nation was also a symbolic intergovernmental organization of Liberalism, providing a more understanding of human rights and reinforcing the protection of it. Therefore, witnessing the comparison above, the differences are clearly shown that the Realists and Liberals hold opposite views towards human nature. The different perspectives on ‘state’ The second difference is the way Realists and Liberals perceive ‘state’ in opposite angles. ‘State’ is the most important actor in Realism. They hold a view that sovereignty of the state indicates the independence of the  political community. Realists ‘Non-state actors such as international organizations are of use only for matters that do not concern immediate security interests’ (Harrison 2006: 21). Realists will simply ignore the other actors if the interest of the state is intervened. The most obvious of a nation’s desire is developing military and technology. The nuclear arm race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War is a significant example. Atomic bomb was invented at that time which brought a huge threat towards world peace. Realists also advocate realpolitik, securing their own country’s interest before care about others’ welfare (Rourke 2007: 21). This shows realists are totally state -centered and tend to pursue self-interest. On the other hand, Liberals is not statism as Realists do. Liberals maintain good governance between people and state. Liberalism stresses the importance of individuality and liberation of human (Sr & Teresa 2013: 18). Liberals favor values like political and civil liberties, toleration and justice. Hence, Liberals emphasize more on non-state actors, for instance, multinational corporations like the International Media and non-governmental organizations like the Red Cross and the Green Peace. As the Liberals advocate international cooperation, they pay attention to other countries’ rights and interest. The International Monetary Fund promotes free trade and enhances the welfare among states. It is also responsible in reducing poverty by subsidizing to members who have difficulties in economy. In short, from the illustration above, it is manifest that Realism is state-centered while Liberalism focuses both state and other non-state factors. The Ways to view peace Thirdly, the ways to see peace between Realism and Liberalism varies. Realists think the best way to seek peace is to have balance of power. During the cold war, the two super powers, the United States and the Soviet Union were in bipolar system which was more peaceful. It was because of the domination of the two super powers, causing restrictions for the minor powers to become strong, conflicts were then reduced. The realists view power is a very crucial element. The best way to maintain peace is to be  powerful (Rourke 2007: 22). Becoming powerful, the national security can be enhanced, and therefore this will reduce the chance from attack. China nowadays is becoming powerful in every aspect after the Reform and Opening-up Policy in 1978. She tries to strengthen herself with both hard and soft power in order to avoid the invasion of other countries. She even became one of the members in the World Trade Organization in 2001. Besides, Realists believe every state is responsible to their own survival. However, some critics even argue that realists will rarely define peace. They would like to define peace as the absence of organized violence (Mapel 1996: 57). From the Liberals point of view, there are more ways to view peace. Liberals are altruism which they emphasis on cooperation. In order to maintain world peace, many international organizations are constructed to work on it. For instance, the United Nations would like to put a halt on the violation of human rights of the states. Apart from this, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the military alliance, held a Science for Peace and Security programme in 2006 which aimed to promote peace and support civil science cooperation and innovation. International organizations brought contributions in maintaining world peace. Also, the Amnesty International, one of the non-governmental organizations, aimed to prevent abuse of human rights and fight for justice for those who have been violated. Liberalism also brings the idea of democratic peace. Liberals abandon wars against liberal democracies, but sometimes do not stop the war within illiberal states (Owen 1994: 93). They see illiberal states in some way dangerous and unenlightened thus they got no tolerance in them (Owen 1994: 96). In my opinion, there are quite many successful examples for Liberals in promoting peace, but still, their views toward peace are quite subjective, which brings limitations and loopholes to maintain peace in the future. In general, by the above comparisons with concrete examples, it is clearly shown that there is a huge difference between the ways Realists and Liberals view peace. Conclusion In conclusion, to large extent I think that Realism and Liberalism different from each other. The only similarity is that both of them believe that the anarchy nature is leaderless in the world system. The differences between  them are articulates with examples in various aspects. For the view towards human nature, Realists believe in evil human nature while Liberals believe in good ones. For the interpretation on ‘state’, Realists is state-centered, but Liberalists also focus on other non-state actors. For the ways they perceive peace, Realists advocate to have balance of power while Liberals enhances cooperation between nation states. It cannot be denied that Realism and Liberalism are two very distinct ideologies. From my point of view, these two concepts together with neorealism and neoliberalism will still play very important roles in the future of the International Relations. In order to secure the world peace in a sustainable way, I think the ideologies should coexist and strike a balance instead of only allowing one theory dominating the global world. Bibliography Adem, S. (2002) Anarchy, Order and Power in World Politics, Ashgate, Hampshire Art, R. and R. Jervis (2012) (eds.) International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues (Eleventh edition) (London: Pearson) Baylis, J. and S. Smith and P. Owens (2013) (eds.) The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (Sixth edition) (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Donnelly, J. (2000) Realism and International Relations, London: The Press Syndicate of the University Of Cambridge Dounan, M. (2011) Realist and Constructivist Approaches to Anarchy, [Online], Available: http://www.e-ir.info/2011/08/29/realist-and-constructivist-approaches-to-anarchy/ [29 Aug 2011] Harrison, T. (2006) Realism, sovereignty and international relations: An examination of power politics in the age of globalization, [Online], Available: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3549&context=etd Jackson, R. & Sorensen, G. (2013) Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press Jehangir, H. (2012) Realism, Liberalism and the Possibilities of Peace [Online], Available: http://www.e-ir.info/2012/02/19/realism-liberalism-and-the-possibilities-of-peace/ [19 Feb 2012] Jumarang, B.K. (2011) Realism and Liberalism in International Relations [Online], Available: http://www.e-ir.info/2011/07/02/realism-and-liberalism-in-modern-international-relations/ [02 Jul 2011] Keohane, R.O. (1998) ‘International Institutions: Can Interdependence Work?’, Foreign Policy, issue. 110, Spring, pp.82-94. Morgenthau, H.J. (1978) Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Fifth Edition, Revised, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf), [Online], Available: https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/morg6.htm Owen, J.M. (1994) ‘How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace’, International Security, vol. 19, Fall, pp. 87-125. Rourke, J.T. (2007) International Politics on the World Stage, [Online], Available: http://jeffreyfields.net/427/Site/Blog/3C90C230-B47B-4894-8E8E-F4C5078BDD88_files/Rourke-Realism,%20Liberalism,%20Constructivism.pdf Sr, I.N.M. & Teresa, E.U. (2013) ‘Liberalism and Realism: A Matrix For Political Economy’. International Journal of Business and Management Review, vol. 1, no.4, December, pp.15-25.

Behavioural Science and its Contribution to Organizational Behavior Essay

Chapter 1 Introduction: Behavioural science is the systematic analysis and investigation of human behaviour through controlled and naturalistic observation, and disciplined scientific experimentation. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation. Behavioral sciences could be categorized into three main forms psychology, sociology and anthropology. Insights from several pure disciplines across behavioural sciences are explored by various applied disciplines and practiced in the context of everyday life and business. These applied disciplines of behavioural science include: organizational behavior, operations research, consumer behaviour and media psychology. Behavioural sciences abstract empirical data to investigate the decision processes and communication strategies within and between organisms in a social system. Behavioural sciences abstract empirical data to investigate the decision processes and communication strategies within and between org anisms in a social system. Scientists in this field looks at individuals and their behavior along with the behavior of societies, groups, and cultures, as well as processes that can contribute to specific behaviors. There is a great deal of overlap between this field and the social sciences, which can sometimes lead to confusion. The social sciences tend to focus more on structural systems and cultures, while behavioral science tends to look at the reactions within and between organisms that dictate behavioral trends Organizational Behavior is the study of individuals and their behavior within the context of the organization in a workplace setting. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication and management Statement of the problem Many modern organizations are faced with numerous challenges such as illegal and unethical behaviour in a number of business transactions. Managers are also faced with the challenge of evaluating the effect of this critical behaviour on the performance of such organizations. Again, many business managers operate their activities today, without keen interest of bothering whether their actions are right or wrong and the extent of employees  understanding of the term ethics while the level of compliance is highly infinitesimal, (Oladunni 2002).The way Nigerian society cares little about the welfare of the employees tend to make some of these business operators to begin to wonder about the necessity of behavioural science in an organization. Objective of research The objectives of this research among others are to:[a]critically x-ray the effects of behavioral science on organizational performance.[b]establish whether behavioural science has any relationship with organizational performance.[c]show-case the necessity of behavioural science to the success and eventual institutionalization of an organization Chapter 2 Literature review Behavioral science is any of various disciplines dealing with the subject of human actions, usually including the fields of sociology, social and cultural anthropology, psychology, and behavioral aspects of biology, economics, geography, law, psychiatry, and political science. The term gained currency in the 1950s in the United States; it is often used synonymously with â€Å"social sciences,† although some writers distinguish between them. The term behavioral sciences suggests an approach that is more experimental than that connoted by the older term social sciences. Behavioral and social sciences research is a large, multifaceted field, encompassing a wide array of disciplines. The field employs a variety of methodological approaches including: surveys and questionnaires, interviews, randomized clinical trials, direct observation, physiological manipulations and recording, descriptive methods, laboratory and field experiments, standardized tests, economic a nalyses, statistical modeling, ethnography, and evaluation. Yet, behavioral and social sciences research is not restricted to a set of disciplines or methodological approaches. Instead, the field is defined by substantive areas of research that transcend disciplinary and methodological boundaries. In addition, several key cross-cutting themes characterize social and behavioral sciences research. These include: an emphasis on  theory-driven research; the search for general principles of behavioral and social functioning; the importance ascribed to a developmental, lifespan perspective; an emphasis on individual variation, and variation across sociodemographic categories such as gender, age, and sociocultural status; and a focus on both the social and biological contexts of behavior. The core areas of behavioral and social sciences research are divided into basic or fundamental research and applied research. The basic and applied research distinction serves more of an organizational function for purposes of this definition, rather than representing firm boundaries within the field. Indeed, many studies have both basic and applied components. Moreover, basic and applied research is often complementary. Basic research frequently provides the foundation for subsequent applied research, and applied research often influences the direction of basic research. Definition of â€Å"behavioral†Ã¢â‚¬  For purposes of this definition, the term â€Å"behavioral† refers to overt actions; to underlying psychological processes such as cognition, emotion, temperament, and motivation; and to biobehavioral interactions. Behavioral science a science or branch of learning, as psychology or sociology that derives its concepts from observation of the behavior of living organism.according to â€Å"prof B J Inyang 2008 behavioural sciences is the scientific study of human behaviour Behavioral Sciences Literature A considerable literature on individual behavior and public health has developed in the second half of the twentieth century. The general failure of public health to pick up and nurture the more macro social science perspectives to the same degree has limited the full potential of the impact of the social and behavioral sciences on public health, particularly because the historical roots of public health in the latter half of the nineteenth century included a strong social structural viewpoint. Since that time, the theoretical development of economics, political science, sociology, and anthropology has accelerated, but it was often not brought to bear on contemporary public health issues because these issues were often defined in terms of the characteristics of individuals rather than as characteristics  of social structure. The argument is, then, that public health picked up the wrong end of the social science stick—the individual (micro) end rather than the sociocultural ( macro) end. This assertion is supported by any perusal of public health journals or literature on social and behavioral science in public health in the second half of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, as the end of the twentieth century in public health witnessed increasing concern with social concepts such as social inequity, inequality, and community interventions, the disciplines of sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science had a more important role in public health, for the determinants of health were being defined in terms of a social and behavioral perspective. For example, many individual behaviors were recognized as risk factors for poor health, but were also seen as embedded in a wider social context. In addition, a social science–informed healthful public policy was seen by many as a key to the development of public health strategies to improve health. Behavioral science research is a large, multifaceted field, encompassing a wide array of disciplines. The field employs a variety of methodological approaches including: surveys and questionnaires, interviews, randomized clinical trials, direct observation, physiological manipulations an d recording, descriptive methods, laboratory and field experiments, standardized tests, economic analyses, statistical modeling, ethnography, and evaluation. Yet, behavioral sciences research is not restricted to a set of disciplines or methodological approaches. Instead, the field is defined by substantive areas of research that transcend disciplinary and methodological boundaries. In addition, several key cross-cutting themes characterize social and behavioral sciences research. These include: an emphasis on theory-driven research; the search for general principles of behavioral and social functioning; the importance ascribed to a developmental, lifespan perspective; an emphasis on individual variation, and variation across sociodemographic categories such as gender, age, and sociocultural status; and a focus on both the social and biological contexts of behavior. The core areas of behavioral and social sciences research are divided into basic or fundamental research and applied research. The basic and applied research distinction serves more of an organizational function for purposes  of this definition, rather than representing firm boundaries within the field. Indeed, many studies have both basic and applied components. Moreover, basic and applied research is often complementary. Basic research frequently provides the foundation for subsequent applied research, and applied research often influences the direction of basic research. The social sciences are concerned with the study of human society and with the relationship of individuals in, and to, society. The chief academic disciplines of the social sciences are anthropology, economics, history, political science, and sociology. The behavioral sciences, particularly psychology, are concerned with the study of the actions of humans and animals. The key effort of the behavioral sciences is to understand, predict, and influence behavior. The chief academic disciplines of the behavioral sciences are anthropology, psychology, and sociology, with the distinction between social and behavioral science often blurred when these disciplines are applied in public health research and practice, particularly in schools of public health and governmental agencies. Many, if not most, public health approaches are problem focused and lead to a multidiscipline solution encompassing several social and behavioral science disciplines and combinations of them (such as social psychology), in addition to other public health disciplines such as epidemiology and biostatistics. Anthropology. Anthropology is a broad social science concerned with the study of humans from a social, biological and cultural perspective. Historically it is a Western-based social science with roots in Europe and North America. It includes two broad areas of physical and sociocultural anthropology; both are relevant to public health. Physical anthropology divides into two areas, one related to tracing human evolution and the study of primates, and the other concerned with contemporary human characteristics stemming from the mixture of genetic adaptations and culture. Medical anthropologists with this perspective are often concerned with the relationships between culture, illness, health, and nutrition. Sociocultural anthropology is concerned with broad aspects of the adaptation of humans to their cultures— with social organization, language, ethnographic details, and, in general, the understanding of culturally mitigated patterns of behavior. In recent decades this perspective has taken a more ecologically focused view of the human species. From a public health perspective, this  approach to anthropology is probably most salient in terms of the methodological approaches used by anthropologists. They have a critical concern with understanding communities through participant observation. Indeed, participat ion is probably the key concept linking modern-day anthropological approaches to twentieth-century concepts of public health community interventions. Although the methodology of rapport-based structured interviews and observation is a highly developed methodology among anthropologists, it has had limited application in public health. More recent efforts in public health to address issues of inequity at the community level have created more attention to anthropological approaches. Economics. Economics is perhaps the oldest of the social sciences, with its concern with wealth and poverty, trade and industry. However, current economic thinking generally dates from the last three centuries and is associated with the great names in economic thinking, such as Adam Smith, Robert Malthus, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill, and Karl Marx. Present-day economics is an advanced study of production, employment, exchange, and consumption driven by sophisticated mathematical models. Basically, the field breaks into two distinctive areas: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is largely concerned with issues such as competitive markets, wage rates, and profit margins. Macroeconomics deals with broader issues, such as national income, employment, and economic systems. The relationship between economics and health is obv ious because in developed countries the percentage of gross national product consumed by the health care industry is significant, generally ranging from 5 to 15 percent of the gross national product. In the poorer countries, the cost of disease to the overall economy can prohibit the sound economic development of the country. In recent years there has been a concern with both the global economic burden of disease as well as with investment in health. That poverty is highly related to poor public health is a widely accepted tenet of modernday thinking in public health. However, economic systems ranging from free enterprise through liberal socialism and communism offer quite differing alternatives to the reduction of poverty and the distribution of economic resources. Psychology. Psychology is probably the most common disciplinary background found in the application of the social and behavioral sciences to public health. Modern psychology is a large field that encompasses physiological psychology,  concerned with the nervous and circulatory systems, as well as social psychology, and concerned with the behavior of individuals as influenced by social stimuli. In general, psychology is concerned with the relationship of living organisms to their environment. In addition to studies focused on physiological mechanisms, psychology is concerned with the broad area of human cognition, including learning, memory, and concept formation. The subfield of abnormal psychology is concerned with mental disorders, ranging from psychoses to neuroses. The subfield of clinical psychology offers direct patient-care mechanisms to treat mental problems in individuals. Thus the application of psychological approaches to health is quite apparent. However, the most salient branch of psychology for public health practice, and particularly for the task of understanding the determinants of health, is probably social psychology. A major focus of social psychology is on attitudes, opinions, and behaviors. Thus, there is an emphasis on understanding how groups and individuals interact with one another. The degree to which many interactions are easy or difficult can play a major role in determining the stability of groups and individuals. Therefore, broad concepts su ch as stress, social cohesion, peer influence, civic trust, and others derive strong theoretical and research support from social psychology. Sociology. Sociology is perhaps the broadest of the social science fields applied to public health. It is also characterized by being eclectic in its borrowing from the other social sciences. Thus, sociology is also concerned with organizations, economics, and political issues, as well as individual behaviors in relation to the broader social milieu. A key concept in sociology, however, is an emphasis on society rather than the individual. The individual is viewed as an actor within a larger social process. This distinguishes the field from psychology. Thus the emphasis is on units of analysis at the collective level such as the family, the group, the neighborhood, the city, the organization, the state, and the world. Sociology is concerned with how the social fabric or social structure is maintained, and how social processes, such as conflict and resolution, relate to the maintenance and change of social structures. A sociologist studies processes that create, maintain, and sustain a social system, such as a health care system in a country. The scientific component of this study w ould be the concern with the processes regulating and shaping the health  care system. Sociology assumes that social structure and social processes are very complex. Definition of organizational behaviour Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups and structures upon behavior within an organization. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes sociology, psychology, communication, and management; and it complements the academic studies of organizational theory (which is focused on organizational and intra-organizational topics) and human resource studies (which is more applied and business-oriented). It may also be referred to as organizational science. The field has its roots in industrial and organizational psychology a Organizational studies encompass the study of organizations from multiple viewpoints, methods, and levels of analysis. For instance, one textbook divides these multiple viewpoints into three perspectives: modern, symbolic, and postmodern. Another traditional distinction, present especially in American academia, is between the study of â€Å"micro† organizational behaviour — which refers to individual and group dynamics in an organizational setting — and â€Å"macro† strategic management and organizational theory which studies whole organizations and industries, how they adapt, and the strategies, structures and contingencies that guide them. To this distinction, some scholars have added an interest in â€Å"meso† scale structures – power, culture, and the networks of individuals and i.e. ronit units in organizations — and â€Å"field† level analysis which study how whole populations of organizations interact. Whenever people interact in organizations, many factors come into play. Modern organizational studies attempt to understand and model these factors. Like all modernist social sciences, organizational studies seek to control, predict, and explain. There is some controversy over the ethics of controlling workers’ behavior, as well as the manner in which workers are treated (see Taylor’s scientific management approach compared to the human relations movement of the 1940s). As such, organizational behaviour or OB (and its cousin, Industrial psychology) have at times been accused of being the scientific tool of the powerful.[citation needed] Those accusations notwithstanding, OB can play a major role in organizational development, enhancing organizational performance, as well as individual and group  performance/satisfaction/commitment. One of the main goals of organizational theorists is, according to Simms (1994) â€Å"to revitalize organizational theory and develop a better conceptualization of organizational life.†[2] An organizational theorist should carefully consider levels assumptions being made in theor y,[3] and is concerned to help managers and administrators Behavioral science and organizational behaviour both interrelate and interdepend on each other thou the mean total different things. Chapter3 Finding This study shows that behavioural science does affect organizational behaviour negatively and positively, it could affect one negatively if one had a rough upbringing such as the environment, genetic treats, the person interpersonal relations skill would be poor thus reducing the persons productivity, it can affect positively if one is a good person at heart and is always happy to do the job then the organization may blossom. Recommendation It is highly recommended that managers observe and practice behavioral science amongst his employs so as to balance the organizational behaviour. Chief Executives should encourage behavioral consciousness in their organizations from the top down showing the support and care about ethical behaviour. There is the need for organizations to help their employees in dealings with ethical challenged by adhering to the following steps. [a] Recognize and Clarify the Dilemma. [b] Get all the possible facts [c] List your options, all of them. [d] Test each option by asking: †Is it legal? Is it right? Is it beneficial?† [e] Make your decision. [f] Double check your decision by asking: ‘how would I feel if my family found out about this? How would I feel if my decision was printed in a local newspaper? [g] Implement your action. [h] Make a research and collect feedback on your implementation. [I] Evaluation and control of the whole steps Conclusion It must be emphasized that the challenge of behavioural science must be met by organizations if they are truly concerned about survival uprightness, integrity, and competitiveness. What is needed in today’s complicated times is for more organization to step forward and operate with strong, positive and good organizational behaviours. Organizations must ensure that their employees know how to deal with behavioural issues in their everyday work lives. As a result, when the behavioural climate is clear and positive, everyone will know what is expected of him or her when the inevitable behavioural dilemmas occur. This will definitely give employees the confidence to be on the lookout for unwanted behaviours and act with the understanding that what they are doing is correct and will be supported by top management of the organization REFERENCE ageeg, e. j. (2004). behavioural science. spain: Rmb. B, m. J. (1980). THEORIES OF ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR. HINSDALE: dryden press. brum, h. (1978). how behaviourial science affects our day to day life. ney york: luft press. burry, c. (2006). behavioural sience. a journal of sciences , 64: 93-98. collins, m. (2009). behavioural science and social science. journal of sciences , 4. h, m. (1985). the organisation as political arena. journal of management studies , 12. Inyang, p. B. (2008). oganizational behaviour. calabar: merb publishers,calabar, nigeria. leez, J. (2009). organizational behaviour. japan: CABS. luthans, F. (1989). Organizational bahaviour. newyork: mc-graw hill. research, o. o. (2013). behavioural science. oaklahoma: marutime. S, t. (2005). finding form looking at the feild of the organization. joournal of management , 42(6):1211-1231. S.P, r. (2009). Organizational beviour:global and southern africa. capetown: prentice-hall. stanford, c. a. (2013). Retrieved february 20, 2014, from casb: www.casb.org W, d. d. (2006). Whento little or too much hurt; evidence for a curvilineaer relationship between fast conflict and innovation in team. journal of management , 34. wikipedia. (2014, febraury 20). the free encyclopedia. Retrieved feb 20, 2014, from www.en.wikipedia.org

Community and Social Structure essays

Community and Social Structure essays AssignmentIII The idea of people being social in nature can be clearly illustrated by the groups, or communities that one sees all around them. Groups of individuals share a common perspective of what reality consists of, this is known as culture(Charon, 1997). This reality is perceived through our interactions with others in the group and by what our position is within that group(Charon, 1997). The way in which we see the world is in a sense limited by both our position and our interactions. In order to actually fill your position in the group you need to have a working set of ideas and concepts to get the job done(Charon, 1997). This working set of ideas is actually formed by the interactions that you have with other people who have the same position as you. It works for everyone else, and therefore you can t just randomly choose another set of concepts and ideas andexpect them to work, so you choose the ideas, concepts, and means that your peers use(Charon, 1997). For instance, if you are a Chemist, you obtain knowledge and perspectives consistent of your environment, i.e. chemistry, you would not learn a great deal about molecular biology because those concepts and ideas are not useful to you. We don t have a complete picture of everything around usbecause we perceive only the things which fit into our social structure(Charon, 1997). Reality is not a Velcro Nerf dart toss of facts and ideas, but rather a magnetic selection of those facts and ideas which are conducive to our pre-constructed structure. To one man power and riches are the greatest thing to achieve, but to a bum The oiliest thing is to have a warm placeto sleep (Coleman,1982:207). It s unfortunate that these conceptscan be utilized by a dictator to gain control and power for his own ideas and concepts. Hitler was just such a man, he used a social construct known as patriotism, that is, sense of pride and connection with everyone within a society. ...

Automated Labeling System (Cost Benefit Analysis an IRR) Assignment

Automated Labeling System (Cost Benefit Analysis an IRR) - Assignment Example However, the intuitive controls for the system facilitates in ensuring that the training efforts are reduced significantly. The benefit of the automated labeling system for an ASRS is that the ASRS is fully automated and it attains a higher operation and efficiency in terms of storage and retrieval of information and data. Thus, the process time for the system is improved significantly with the automation of the labeling system. Moreover, the automation creates an opportunity for the integration of the system with all the electrical and mechanical software and hardware, which is provided. The implementation of the system will also ensure that ASRS attains cost effectiveness, flexibility and reliability in the conduct of its services (Michaelyn et al., 2002). Furthermore, process scheduling and data management occurs effectively. Such entails tracking of the results. The automation will also address the issue of the personnel shortage since there is less manpower needed for the operation of the system. Such employees are relocated to other job tasks in the organization, which are demanding a boost on thei r man-power level. Hence, system automation will ensure that the storage and retrieval time is reduced significantly. In addition, monitoring and evaluation of the performance level of this system can be done easily by tracking the results of the system output on daily basis. The internal rate of return for implementing the automated labeling system is very high. Such is based on the potential of the system to improve on the performance and efficiency of ASRS, which increases the productivity and profitability level of the organization. The system also has a higher rate of return on the investment based on its cost effectiveness, improvement of the accessibility and flow, labor reduction, easy maintenance and saving on the floor

Capstone research methodlogy Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capstone methodlogy - Research Paper Example With this, I am in a better position to identify the right people to consult in my research. The author is a seasoned security analyst who was tasked with the core mandate of researching into how the September 11 Attack on America could be avoided in Africa in the future. The source is particular about the need to carry out critical assessment of terrorists’ threats and attacks saying that without such assessment exercises, prevention and control can never meet the risk at hand. With my research at hand, the source is will provide me with useful information on how terrorism can be combated by carrying out effect terrorism assessment. The writers are part of the agency responsible for devising national strategy for aviation security in America and can therefore be trusted on their competence in aviation related issues. This article recognizes the operation of aviation as a vital and instrumental component for national and economical development. In relation to my capstone project, the source shall be my most reliable source for collecting secondary data on how the promotion of aviation security have impacted on economic growth for the nation over the past years. The author is an aviation journalist who has followed the issue of aviation safety for years. The source author pays tribute to air transport as the nation’s most important means of transport as far as security management and threat are concerned. With the credibility of the writer, the researcher is sure to depend on the source for valid secondary data on salient aviation statistics in major part of the world; including roles world leaders have played in ensuring aviation safety. The writers are researchers whose researches are targeted and focused on terrorism financing. The authors have established themselves as authorities in the area of terrorism financing. The source document brings the reader closer to the activities of terrorists, especially how they succeed in